![]() ![]() The exogenous taurine could mitigate the adverse effect of high ammonia level on fish physiological disorder.Īmmonia toxicity Ctenopharynodon idellus Free amino acid Immune response Oxidative stress Taurine.Ĭopyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that exerts protective effects on vascular function and structure in several models of cardiovascular diseases through. Although taurine is classified as an amino acid, it does not participate in peptide bond formation. This study indicates that ammonia exerts its toxic effects by interfering with amino acid transport, inducing reactive oxygen species generation and malondialdehyde accumulation, leading to blood deterioration and over-activation of immune response. Abstract Taurine (aminoethane sulfonic acid) is an ubiquitous compound, found in very high concentrations in heart and muscle. In addition, superoxide dismutase and glutathione activities, red cell count and hemoglobin of fish in group 3 were significantly higher than those of fish in group 2, but malondialdehyde content is the opposite. ![]() Although fish in group 2 had the lowest red cell count and hemoglobin, the highest alkaline phosphatase, complement C3, C4 and total immunoglobulin contents appeared in this group. Malondialdehyde content of fish in group 2 was the highest, but superoxide dismutase and glutathione activities were the lowest. It can also be made in the body from the amino acid. Taurine is obtained through diet by eating meat, dairy, and seafood products. Compared to plasma, blood cells, particularly neutrophil, lymphocyte, and platelet, are rich in taurine, while red blood cells contain lesser taurine. Taurine plays diverse functions from prenatal to adult life. Synthetic taurine is considered efficacious for use in cat, dog and carnivorous fish diets. Cysteine sulfinic acid is then decarboxylated to hypotaurine by the cystyeine sulfinate decarboxylase. The metabolic reaction involves a first oxidation of the sulfhydryl group of cysteine to cysteine sulfinic acid by the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase. A risk to the environment resulting from the use of taurine in animal nutrition is not foreseen. Endogenous taurine synthesis occurs in the liver via the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway. It plays an important role in heart, muscle, and nervous system functioning. Taurine is a semi-essential amino acid found abundantly in all mammalian cells. In the absence of data, taurine is considered to be a skin and eye irritant and skin sensitiser, and to be hazardous if inhaled. ![]() Taurine is an amino acid present in many tissues of mammals. Brain alanine and glutamate of fish in group 2 were significantly higher than those of fish in group 1. Taurine may help muscle function and lower risk of cardiovascular disease. Fish in group 2 had the highest ammonia content in the liver and brain, and alanine, arginine, glutamine, glutamate and glycine contents in liver. The four experimental groups were carried out to test the response of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella to ammonia toxicity and taurine: group 1 was injected with NaCl, group 2 was injected with ammonium acetate, group 3 was injected with ammonium acetate and taurine, and group 4 was injected taurine. ![]()
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